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Kinaesthetic extended reality simulator with a mass-equivalent physical interface for air defence operator training: A functional proof of concept
 
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1
Faculty of Mechatronics, Armament and Aerospace, Military University of Technology, ul. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
 
2
Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, ul. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
 
3
Military Centre for Standardization, Quality and Codification, Military University of Technology, ul. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
 
 
Corresponding author
Natalia Daniel   

Faculty of Mechatronics, Armament and Aerospace, Military University of Technology, Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
 
 
 
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ABSTRACT
Extended reality (XR) can provide controlled and repeatable environments for safety-critical procedural training when live exercises are costly or logistically constrained. This study presents an engineering proof of concept for a man-portable air-defence system (MANPADS) simulator that combines a full-scale, mass-equivalent launcher mock-up, a mixed-reality headset, and a real-time engagement simulation. The 3D-printed mock-up was fabricated and ballasted as a dimensional and mass equivalent of the PIORUN launcher to reproduce the handling geometry and total weight of the reference configuration. Microsoft HoloLens 2 and a QR marker supported sight registration and orientation tracking, while Unreal Engine provided the virtual environment, aerial targets, and interaction logic. Missile-flight logic based on a five-degree-of-freedom proportional-navigation model was developed in MATLAB/Simulink and subsequently integrated into the application through generated C++ code. Qualitative functional observations documented marker registration, the use of spatial input by the application, and the progression of the simulated sequence. The evidence supports functional integration in the demonstrated configuration; it does not establish registration accuracy, latency, repeatability, physical-model fidelity, usability, learning outcomes, or transfer of training. The platform provides a basis for subsequent technical and human-factors evaluation.
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