Digital twins in fuel cell vehicles: a review of software tools and modeling methodologies for hydrogen fuel cells
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1
Doctoral School at Lublin University of Technology, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 38B, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
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Department of Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics and Aircraft Propulsion Systems, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618, Poland
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Department of Electrical Devices and High Voltage Technology, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 38d, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
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Department of Technical Computer Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Technical Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 38, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
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Konrad Wójcik
Doctoral School at Lublin University of Technology, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 38B, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
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ABSTRACT
In recent years, hybrid electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles have gained increasing attention due to their high efficiency and low emissions. Effective energy management is a crucial aspect of achieving optimal energy usage while maintaining satisfactory performance. This can be accomplished through comprehensive modelling and simulation of such systems; however, the process is inherently complex because of the time varying and highly interdependent factors influencing energy consumption. Long duration physical testing is often difficult to conduct and associated with substantial costs. Moreover, most existing approaches do not fully integrate the concept of digital twins with simulations of hybrid power systems, and ensuring real time data exchange between the physical asset and its virtual counterpart remains a significant challenge. The aim of this article is to critically review and compare software tools and modeling methodologies for developing Digital Twins of PEMFC systems in fuel cell vehicle applications. Particular attention is given to their capabilities for multiphysics modeling, real-time operation, data integration, and integration of the PEMFC model with other vehicle powertrain subsystems.