The modern means of transport sector is faced with the need to adapt to the requirements of sustainable development. There is a need to reduce the negative impact on the environment and consider social and environmental aspects. This transformation requires not only the implementation of new technologies, but also a comprehensive approach to their life cycle assessment. With these assumptions in mind, this article conducts a comparative analysis of two types of buses used in public transport – with a diesel engine (ICEV-D) and with a fuel cell drive (FCEV), considering both current operating conditions and forecasts for 2050. The life cycle assessment (LCA) was carried out using SimaPro software. The research results indicate that FCEV buses have the potential to significantly reduce the harmfulness of operating city buses compared to ICEV-D. The total negative impact on the environment in the life cycle of FCEV buses depends primarily on the method of hydrogen production, and the main challenge remains the high energy consumption of its production processes.