Spark plasma sintered Ti–Al–Zr alloy: Microstructure, mechanical–corrosion performance, and potential for biomedical implant applications
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College of Materials Engineering, Metallurgical Engineering Department, University of Babylon, Iraq
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ALI HOBI HOBI
College of Materials Engineering, Metallurgical Engineering Department, University of Babylon, Iraq
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ABSTRACT
Titanium-based alloys are among the most promising materials for biomedical applications due to their excellent mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. In this study, a Ti-2wt%Al-2.5wt%Zr alloy was synthesized using Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS), a technique that enables rapid densification, precise microstructural control, and reduced porosity. The sintering was conducted at 950 °C with a heating rate of 100 °C/min under a pressure of 30 MPa, resulting in a fine and homogeneous microstructure with approximately 30% porosity, favorable for bone ingrowth and osseointegration. Microstructural analysis revealed the coexistence of α (HCP) and β (BCC) phases, providing an optimal combination of hardness and ductility. The alloy exhibited a Young’s modulus of ~40 GPa, comparable to human cortical bone, minimizing the risk of stress shielding. Additionally, the surface hardness (~400 HV) and low corrosion rate (0.05 mm/year) indicate strong mechanical integrity and electrochemical stability. Although in vitro cytotoxicity tests were not performed, the observed microstructure and corrosion behavior suggest promising biocompatibility. These results highlight the potential of the Ti–Al–Zr alloy produced via SPS for long-term orthopedic and dental implant applications.