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Multi-Criteria Evaluation of Urban Battery Electric Vehicles for Sustainable Transport Decision-Making
 
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1
Independent research initiative, Poland
 
2
Faculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 85 Narbutta Street, 02-524 Warsaw, Poland
 
3
Faculty of the Creative School, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
 
4
Łukasiewicz Research Network - Lodz Institute of Technology, 19/27 Maria Skłodowska-Curie St., 90-570 Lodz, Poland
 
 
Corresponding author
Krzysztof Krystosiak   

Faculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 85 Narbutta Street, 02-524 Warsaw, Poland
 
 
 
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ABSTRACT
This study evaluates urban battery electric vehicles (BEVs) by integrating economically non-measurable technical-operational parameters with economically measurable operational effects to support evidence-based selection. We compare 15 models across 13 parameters prioritized by a panel of 10 electromobility experts and apply Weighted Aggregated Performance (WAP) for linear ordering; measurable effects are analysed using one-year operational data from a fleet of 15 BMW i3 vehicles. The greatest inter-model variability is observed for home-socket charging time (X4), while energy consumption (X5) and 0–100 km/h acceleration (X8) vary least. In the WAP ranking, Opel Corsa-e ranks first, followed by Hyundai Kona 64 kWh and Peugeot e-208; BMW i3 is seventh, and Volkswagen e-Up! ranks last. In real-world operation, the BMW i3 fleet shows an average single-charge range of 185 km (manufacturer WLTP 260 km) and average energy use of 15.8 kWh/100 km over a total distance of 124,766 km. Under the study assumptions, electricity costs are ~2.5× lower than estimated fuel costs for comparable combustion vehicles. These findings indicate that combining WAP-based technical-operational assessment with operational data yields a transparent, replicable comparison of urban BEVs and highlights charging-related parameters as priority targets for optimization, while underscoring the need to evaluate range and costs under actual use conditions.
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