The construction sector, accounting for approximately 9% of global GDP, is undergoing transformation driven by the Industry 5.0 (I5.0) paradigm, which emphasises three pillars: human-centricity, sustainability and resilience. Construction 5.0 (C5.0) applies these principles to construction, integrating Digital Twins (DT), Building Information Modelling (BIM), the Internet of Things (IoT), and Artificial Intelligence (AI) with the human-centric values of the Society 5.0 framework. This article aims to: (1) synthesise the organisational and practical barriers and enablers shaping C5.0 implementation; (2) characterise Common Data Environment (CDE) tools as construction’s information infrastructure; (3) identify dominant thematic clusters in the literature; and (4) indicate key research gaps in the empirical integration of C5.0’s technological and social dimensions. A literature review, structured with reference to selected elements of the PRISMA 2020 framework, drew on the Scopus database (2022–2025) using six targeted search strings; of 241 initial results, 37 publications met the quality and relevance criteria applied. Five thematic clusters were identified: cyber-physical technologies and digital twins; CDE as information infrastructure; Society 5.0 and the social dimension; sustainability and resilience; and quality management. CDE, standardised under ISO 19650, emerged as a vital information layer linking BIM, digital twins, and IoT sensors into a coherent, real-time data ecosystem. The most critical research gaps identified are the absence of empirical studies on DT – CDE integration during construction execution, insufficient research on the social dimension of digital transformation, and weak integration of all three I5.0 pillars within single studies – particularly evident in the Central and Eastern European context. The article contributes to a small but growing body of reviews jointly considering the C5.0, CDE, and Society 5.0 perspectives.