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A Potential Environmental Sustainability of Wood Ash in Normal and Geopolymer Concrete – A Review
 
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1
School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
 
2
Faculty of Environmental Technology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria
 
3
Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia, 11800 Pahang, Malaysia
 
 
Corresponding author
Hanizam Awang   

Universiti Sains Malaysia, Main Campus, 11800 Gelugor, Penang
 
 
Adv. Sci. Technol. Res. J. 2023; 17(4):1-20
 
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ABSTRACT
The production of cement for concrete has led to the emission of carbon dioxide (CO₂) into the atmosphere, which has contributed to global warming. Moreover, the excessive amount of industrial waste from biomass energy production landfilled in our environments is continuously causing sustainability challenges. However, several studies were carried out to ascertain the possibilities of using these waste materials in concrete production to address the cement and waste disposal sustainable issues simultaneously. The present study reviewed multiple studies that were carried out on wood ash (WA) application in both normal and geopolymer concrete with an emphasis on fresh, hardened, and durability properties. WA effects as a pozzolanic material are summarized for its application in mortar/concrete production. WA can be used to replace cement in mortar/concrete at up to 20% replacement level, similarly, in geopolymer production, it was revealed that WA can be effectively utilized to replace ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) or pulverized fly ash (PFA) at up to 50% replacement level. The sustainability impacts of WA utilization in concrete production were presented and discussed. Results of these findings revealed its suitability as supplementary cementitious material, but still there exists a gap in its utilization in geopolymer concrete.
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