Numerical and experimental analysis of thermoplastic deformation in pure titanium using the anand model for biomedical implant design
			
	
 
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				Faculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Narbutta 85, 02-524 Warsaw, Poland
				 
			 
										
				
				
		
		 
			
			
		
		
		
		
		
		
	
							
					    		
    			 
    			
    				    					Autor do korespondencji
    					    				    				
    					Jakub  Bańczerowski   
    					aFaculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Narbutta 85, 02-524 Warsaw, Poland
    				
 
    			
				 
    			 
    		 		
			
												 
		
	 
		
 
 
Adv. Sci. Technol. Res. J. 2025; 19(9):504-515
		
 
 
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This study uses the Anand constitutive model to predict how commercially pure Grade 2 titanium behaves during thermoplastic deformation, with the goal of making it more suitable for load-bearing medical implants. Although titanium alloys like Ti6Al4V are commonly used in implants, there are concerns about the release of toxic ions, which encourages the search for safer options like pure titanium. To strengthen pure titanium, this research focuses on thermo-mechanical processing (TMP).
The study combines experimental compression tests (conducted at 400–600°C and strain rates of 0.01–1.0 s-1) with computer simulations based on the Anand model. The model can describe important material behaviours such as strain hardening, dynamic recovery, and sensitivity to temperature and strain rate. Originally developed for soft metals, the Anand model was successfully adapted to pure titanium and showed high accuracy in predicting material behaviour at elevated temperatures and moderate strain rates. Some prediction errors at 400°C were likely due to incomplete dynamic recrystallisation. The best fit of our model to the experimental results was achieved for the temperature 600°C and strain rate 0.01 s-1 with adjusted R-square equal 0.988 and root mean square error equal 3.941. 
The model was further tested under specific conditions (450°C, 550°C, strain rate of 0.5 s-1) and achieved flow stress prediction errors below 8%. In summary, this work provides a reliable and efficient tool for optimizing TMP processes, reducing the need for costly trial-and-error methods, and supporting the production of patient-specific implants made from pure titanium.