This study focuses on the design and performance verification of the brake system of a Formula Student racing car, aiming to construct an efficient brake system. To determine the whole wheel braking force and front/rear braking force distribution, and also select suitable brakes that fulfill the requirements, the design process covers the accurate analysis and calculation of the parameters of the brake systems. Through in-depth analysis and strict verification of the brake disc and pedal assembly structure, a topology-optimized brake system achieved significant mass reduction while exceeding last season’s braking efficacy thresholds was successfully designed and created. On the basis of ensuring stability, the system was oriented to efficient assembly and light weight. Meanwhile, the newly designed brake system had the ability to provide sufficient braking force for simultaneous four-wheel locking, and its design follows the rules released by the Formula SAE. Hence, it provides a reliable solution to optimize the braking performance of vehicles, and is of great practical significance and theoretical value.