The assessment of damage evolution in CFRP-strengthened reinforced concrete (RC) beams exposed to elevated temperatures remains a challenge in structural engineering. Conventional mechanical testing provides information on global structural response but offers limited insight into changes occurring at the concrete–adhesive–CFRP interface. This study investigates the use of acoustic emission (AE) for identifying temperature-induced changes in fracture processes. Small-scale RC beams strengthened with externally bonded CFRP strips were tested under three-point bending at ambient temperature and after exposure to 60°C and 80°C. Acoustic emission monitoring was performed using 75 kHz sensors. The analysis focused on cumulative AE energy, cumulative AE hits, and RA–AF parameters. Mechanical results showed only a slight reduction in load-carrying capacity after heating. In contrast, AE analysis revealed earlier damage activity, faster energy accumulation, and a higher contribution of shear-related signals in heated specimens, suggesting temperature-related changes in damage evolution potentially associated with the concrete–adhesive–CFRP system. The findings demonstrate that AE provides valuable information on damage evolution that cannot be obtained from mechanical measurements alone and represents a promising tool for assessing CFRP-strengthened RC structures exposed to elevated temperatures.